Evaluate the effectiveness of concoction of champereia manillana sp. and psidium guavajava sp.as a coagulant in drinking water treatment

The production of clean and safe drinking water becoming less throughout the world, impacting adversely on human health due to natural and anthropogenic contamination from point and non-point sources of pollution. The usage of alum-based coagulant in drinking water treatment process left residue in finished process drinking water, which is then, supplied to the consumers' poses possible risks to their health. Due to the risk of using alum-based coagulant, a natural coagulant which is environmentally friendly, safe, and cost effective, is insisted. A plant-derived coagulant was successfully extracted from Psidium guavajava sp. and Champereia manillana sp. by using physical extraction method. This study was intended to explore the effectiveness and optimum dosages of Psidium guavajava sp. and Champereia manillana sp. needed for turbidity and heavy metals removal rate in surface water sources. Flavonoids and tannin are coagulating agents which is naturally occurring in both plants are responsible for turbidity and heavy metals removal in water. Three heavy metals and three types level of turbid water were chosen for this study which are Fe (2.0 + 0.09 mg/L), Mn (0.5 ± 0.07 mg/L), Cu (1.0 ± 0.01 mg/L), high turbid (500-700 NTU), moderate turbid (30-50 NTU) and low turbid (5-20 NTU) water samples respectively. The experiment was performed with crude extracts of Psidium guavajava sp. and Champereia manillana sp. with dosage of 2.0 mg/L, 4.0 mg/L and 6.0 mg/L with different proportion of PG: CM =1:1, 1:0 and 0:1. Results demonstrated that the best turbidity removal is observed in moderate turbid water sample up to 70.3 % at 6 mg /L of PG:CM= 1:1 and in low turbid water sample, the highest removal rate of turbidity is recorded about 74.4 °A at 6 mg/L of PG: CM= 1:1. As for high turbid water sample, removal up to 0.29% only is observed at 2 mg/L of PG: CM=1:0, which is ineffective. For the removal of Fe and Mn, 29.4 % removal of Iron and 36.6 % removal of Manganese are recorded the best at 6 mg/L of PG: CM= 1:0. This means that the highest dosage (6 mg/L) still unable to remove the highest level of turbidity which is 500 — 700 NTU. Meanwhile, the highest removal for Fe and Mn are 29.4% and 36.6% respectively at 6 mg/L, PG: CM = 1:0. However, Cu has showed less reduction after treatment using PG: CM = 1:1. Hence the concoction of PG: CM = 1:1 was proposed to be effective for turbidity removal whereas for Fe and Mn removal, it is recommended that PG: CM = 1: 0 is effective. Overall, concoction of P.guavajava and C. manillana is suitable used as a natural coagulant for water treatment and has potential to replace chemical coagulant in all water treatment plant.