Effect of annealing temperatures on carbon-TiO₂ counter electrode

This research focuses on synthesizing and characterizing carbon-TiO2 composites for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed a significant weight loss during decomposition, guiding the selection of annealing temperatures (300°C, 550°C and 600°C). Absorption spectrum analysis showed superior light absorption for the 600°C composite. Tauc plot analysis revealed distinct energy band gaps for each annealing temperature. XRD analysis confirmed anatase crystalline phase with reduced crystal size due to carbon doping. Photovoltaic performance shows a correlation between annealing temperature and efficiency, with the 600°C composite exhibiting the highest efficiency. This study highlights the effect of annealing parameters and carbon source on the structural, optical, and photovoltaic properties of carbon-TiO₂ composites. This research provides fundamental insights for future advances in carbon-TiO₂ synthesis for enhanced DSSC efficiency. Recommendations include exploring alternative carbon sources and optimizing synthesis conditions.