Dual vegetation index analysis and spatial assessment in Kota Bharu, Kelantan using GIS and remote sensing

Kota Bharu is one of the districts in Kelantan and it is divided into several sub-districts. The rapid transformation of land use and environmental conditions in Kota Bharu presents significant obstacles to the implementation of sustainable land management practices. Furthermore, climate change caused by human activities affects the distribution of vegetation because the frequency of extreme weather events causes vegetation to feel stressed. This study is to identify the vegetation index using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI) in Kota Bharu, Kelantan as well as evaluate the spatial analysis of vegetation in Kota Bharu, Kelantan using remote sensing and GIS for remote sensing images year 2008 and 2023. The data from earth explorer was presented through spatial maps and also bar graphs using Microsoft Word and ArcGIS version 10.3. The results of the study show that Kadok subdistrict experienced the most vegetation decline in high dense vegetation from 2008 to 2023 which is 4.31 km2 where the NDVI range exceeds 0.4. For the GNDVI range that exceeds 0.4, Kok Lanas subdistrict shows the highest area of 21.84 km2 in 2008 while the highest area in 2023 is 20.98 km2 also in Kok Lanas subdistrict.