Assessing the growth performance of Rhizophora (Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata) for effective restoration in Delta Tumpat, Kelantan

Mangrove ecosystems, important for coastal protection, biodiversity, and providing a range of ecosystem services, are facing increasing vulnerability due to human activities and the effects of climate change. The study about "Assessing the Growth Performance of Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata for Effective Restoration in Delta Tumpat, Kelantan" aims to analyses the growth performance of Rhizophora species and determine their distribution in the Tumpat Delta area. Various methods are used to assess Rhizophora growth, including measuring DBH, height, crown diameter, soil pH, and water salinity. It is found that Mas, Layang-layang and Tujuh are mostly with most of Rhizophora mucronata that has been planted on the island. For Bedal A and Bedal B, Rhizophora apiculata is the most planted tree on the islands. Based on the that has been data collected, even though Pulau Mas was first planted the Rhizophora tree which is in 2003, however Pulau Bedal B that was planted in 2008 has the significant increase in compared to other five islands with the average DBH 2.41 cm and height 1.68 m, within 5 years between 2019 to 2024. For recommendation, more sampling and parameter should be conducted in future studies to obtain more accurate and better results for the research.