Geology & lithostratigraphy of The Panau Beds, Bukit Panau, Tanah Merah Kelantan

Geologists from local and overseas have studied Panau Hill, Tanah Merah in Malaysia due to unique geological phenomena, such as the isolated formation of Bukit Panau. This research focuses on conducting detail geological studies on Panau Bed exposed at Bukit Panau, Tanah Merah, Kelantan. The study area is located at the latitudes of 05˚49’21.25” N to 05˚54’11.25” N and longitudes from 102˚8’48.75” E to 102˚11’11.25” E. The primary goal of this research is to update a geological map of the Bukit Panau area, to determine the stratigraphic correlation between the Panau Beds and Granite in the Bukit Panau and to conduct lithofacies analysis the Panau Beds. The methodology used in this research included extensive geological mapping such as traversing, structural geology, geomorphology, rock sampling and laboratory analyses. As a result, that have been taken, Bukit Panau area is geomorphologically consists of 234 m high single hill that surrounded by a large plain area. The Erosion and weathering are the main exogenous geomorphological processes in the region while minor endogenous process such as intrusion and faulting. The lithological consisting of Granite, sandstone beds, and alluvium which is belong to Panau Bed that geologically from the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Quaternary period. The nonconformity has been observed between the granite and overlying sandstone at an abandoned Bukit Panau quarry at the slope of hill. Its shows that Bukit Panau bed is younger than Granite. The rock sampling has been taken which is total of 6 rock sample, 4 of rock is sandstone and 2 of rock is granite at the study area. These rocks go through the lab analysis which is petrography analysis that have been conducted and the results is all of sandstone rock is lithic-sub lithic sandstone rock and all igneous rock is granite. Lithofacies analysis shows that the outcrop at foothill that have been observed is interbedded sandstone and mudstone that have horizontal planar lamination that have been flood stage deposited and meandering channel sequence association. Based on observation, almost 70% of the study area is alluvium. The structural geological analysis conducted through stereo net analysis of joints, bedding, and lineament analysis. Joint analysis has been performed, and the results show that the study region has deformed in a direction of northwest to southeast with a force of 142˚. Bedding analysis found that the directions of force are North East North and South West South. Lineament analysis have been conducted through ArcGIS and found that, the direction of the maximum force is N 305°W and minimum is 90° perpendicular to the maximum force which is the direction of the minimum is N 15 E. Overall of this research, The study also suggests that Bukit Panau's rock series was deposited in a meandering river and that its sandstones came from recycled orogens, where massive plates collided and increased source regions. It is recommended to investigate the connection between geological mapping and the capability to recognize the impact of weathering and erosion on the environment.