Comparative investigation on the optimization of hydrogel derived from cellulose of banana stem (musa x paradisiaca), cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) crosslinked using citric acid

This study explores citric acid as a viable crosslinking agent for the development of hydrogels derived from banana stem cellulose, cellulose, and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). It addresses the environmental impact of banana stem waste, advocating for sustainable cellulose extraction from agricultural waste to combat the pollution resulting from open burning. The alkaline-based extraction method successfully transforms 43% of banana stem powder, with critical considerations for Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)/ Sodium Hypochloride (NaOCl) concentrations, extraction temperature, and lignin removal duration to optimize cellulose yield. Microscopy-based morphological analysis reveals the fibrous nature of banana stem cellulose, distinguishing it from non fibrous CMC. Dissolution studies utilizing 8% NaOH and 12% urea highlight the importance of optimal dissolution conditions, impacting hydrogel characteristics, with banana stem cellulose exhibiting a higher fibrous content than cellulose. The concentration of citric acid proves pivotal in the crosslinking process, influencing hydrogel characteristics. Hydrogels formed with 40% citric acid demonstrate efficient crosslinking, a crucial factor for desirable properties. Comparative analyses, employing FTIR Spectroscopy and SEM imaging, differentiate Banana Stem Cellulose Hydrogel (BSCH), Cellulose Hydrogel (CH), and Carboxymethylcellulose Hydrogel (CMCH). FTIR spectra reveal distinct peaks associated with hydroxyl groups, contributing to the hydrophilic nature of the hydrogels. SEM images showcase BSCH's fibrous and porous structure, emphasizing its potential in applications like wound dressings. Antibacterial tests indicate BSCH's enhanced effectiveness against Escherichia coli, attributed to citric acid inclusion. Adsorption studies demonstrate BSCH's superior efficiency in removing methylene blue dye. Biodegradation investigations over four weeks reveal controlled weight loss, with BSCH losing 91%, outperforming CH (89%) and CMCH (100%). The complex and heterogeneous structure of natural banana stem cellulose, with components like hemicellulose and lignin, contributes to a regulated degradation process, distinguishing it from the more uniform structure of CMC. These findings underscore the multifaceted potential of BSCH, combining antibacterial activity, adsorption efficiency, and controlled biodegradability. BSCH emerges as a promising material for diverse applications, ranging from wound care to environmental remediation