Pneumonia due to Pasteurella Multocida and Mannheimia Haemolytica in goats in wet and dry seasons in Kelantan, Malaysia

This study was conducted from November 2015 to August 2016 which involves 7 districts in Kelantan, Malaysia. It investigates the rate of prevalence of pneumonic pasteurellosis caused by P. multocida and M. haemolytica in goats in wet season and more specifically during the dry season. It is also, to determine the antibacterial susceptibility of the two aforementioned bacteria. Furthermore, to describe the gross and the histopathological changes in cases of caprine pneumonia. The samples of nasal swabs and specimens of pneumonic lungs were collected during the wet and dry seasons in the months of November, December, and January. And April, May, June, July, and August respectively. A total of 164 nasal swabs were taken from goats, with signs of pneumonia. The number of bacterial isolation isolated from 164 samples are 191. The isolates were processed and identified using standard microbiological techniques. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (C- PCR) assay was conducted to confirm the isolates. Results indicate that 9.8% of the samples isolated were positive for P. multocida, while 11%, of the samples were positive for M. haemolytica. The prevalence rate of positive isolates of P. multocida during the wet season was 25% while in the dry season was 75%. On the other hand, for M. haemolytica the result was 44.44% during the wet season and 55.55% during the dry season. Antibacterial susceptibility test for P. multocida isolates using disk diffusion test revealed that all isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (100%), Chloramphenicol (93.8%), Ampicillin (87.5%), and Gentamicin (87.5%). Furthermore, the isolates were most frequently resistant to Penicillin (100%). In addition, M. haemolytica isolates showed that they were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (94.4%), Chloramphenicol (94.4%), Ampicillin (72.2%) and Gentamicin (66.7%). However, the isolates were resistant to Penicillin (88.9%). The gross pulmonary lesions diagnosed were almost the same in both seasons. It includes: pulmonary congestion, emphysema, atelectasis, oedema, and abscess. A distinct gross and microscopical lesions frequently diagnosed during the dry season were more than the wet season, where comprises of fibrinous pneumonia at the rate of 32.0% and 20.0% respectively. The most common inflammatory pulmonary lesions had occurred during the wet season, are described histologically as interstitial pneumonia (27.5%), bronchopneumonia (27.5%), necrotizing pneumonia (10.0%), verminous pneumonia (5.0%), and suppurative bronchopneumonia (5.0%). The percentages of infections during the dry season are: bronchopneumonia (28.6%), interstitial pneumonia (17.1%), suppurative bronchopneumonia (17.1%), fibrinous pneumonia (5.7%), fibrinous bronchopneumonia (5.7%) and pleuropneumonia (5.7%). In conclusion, pneumonic pasteurellosis disease due to P. multocida and M. haemolytica has become a significant issue in respiratory infection of goats, in both sexes, all ages and in several breeds, specifically during the dry season in Kelantan, with high morbidity of pulmonary (inflammatory and non-inflammatory) lesions.